9/28/2023 0 Comments Pmp certificate india![]() ![]() ![]() Who qualifies: Requirements to sit the exam include 36 months of experience leading projects if you have a bachelor’s degree, or 60 months if you have a high-school diploma or associate degree. Good for: Professionals who already have some experience managing projects and want to level up their careers The exam consists of 175 scored questions related to such tasks as planning and managing a project's scope and engaging stakeholders. Getting the certification includes a rigorous exam that tests your knowledge of managing people, conducting processes, and making business-minded decisions. With over a million certificate holders around the world, the PMP is one of the most popular and well-recognized certificates in this field. But PMI offers several other certifications that can be suited for professionals at various stages in their careers. The PMI’s Project Management Professional (PMP) certification is the most popular and widely recognized certification. Read more: The PMP Certification: A Guide to Getting Started PMI Certifications The global economy will need 25 million new project professionals by 2030, according to the PMI. Ranging from the entry-level to advanced, the broad and the niche, a PMI certification can help early career professionals boost their careers or solidify the expertise of seasoned project managers.Ī PMI credential might come in handy as the labor market increasingly demands project management skills. PMI certifications are credentials administered by the professional organization Project Management Institute (PMI).
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9/28/2023 0 Comments Fiber connector types color![]() What’s the Differences Between Single Mode and Multimode Fiber? Technical differenceĬore Diameter-Single mode fiber has a small diametral core(8.3 to 10 microns) that allows only one mode of light to propagate. Physical difference mainly lies in diameter, jacket color, optical source and bandwidth, which is described in the following table. Watch the following video to learn the differences between OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 & OM5 multimode fibers. ![]() Accordingly, physical difference leads to different transmission data rate and distance. The prime distinction between multimode fibers rests on physical difference. More details can be found at: Three Critical Focuses on OM5 Fiber Optic Cable OM1 vs OM2 vs OM3 vs OM4 vs OM5: What’s the Difference? It is designed and specified to support at least four WDM channels at a minimum speed of 28Gbps per channel through the 850-953 nm window. The color of OM5 fiber jacket was chosen as lime green. ![]() It has the same core size as OM2, OM3, and OM4. OM5 fiber, also known as WBMMF (wideband multimode fiber), is the newest type of multimode fiber, and it is backwards compatible with OM4. And it’s able to run 40/100GB up to 150 meters utilizing a MPO connector. OM4 was developed specifically for VSCEL laser transmission and allows 10 Gig/s link distances of up to 550m compared to 300M with OM3. OM4 fiber is completely backwards compatible with OM3 fiber and shares the same distinctive aqua jacket. Besides, OM3 is able to support 40 Gigabit and 100 Gigabit Ethernet up to 100 meters, however, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is most commonly used. OM3 supports 10 Gigabit Ethernet at lengths up to 300 meters. Like the OM2, its core size is 50 µm, but the cable is optimized for laser based equipment. OM3 fiber comes with an aqua color jacket. It supports up to 10 Gigabit Ethernet at lengths up to 82 meters but is more commonly used for 1 Gigabit Ethernet applications. Likewise, OM2 fiber also comes with an orange jacket and uses a LED light source but with a smaller core size of 50 µm. This type commonly uses a LED light source. It is most commonly used for 100 Megabit Ethernet applications. It can support 10 Gigabit Ethernet at lengths of up to 33 meters. OM1 fiber typically comes with an orange jacket and have a core size of 62.5 µm. It can transmit farther at lower data rates, such as going about 2km at 100Mb/s. The maximum transmission distance for MMF cable is around 550m at the speed of 10Git/s. ![]() Because of this, more data can pass through the multimode fiber core at a given time. Multimode fiber optic cable has a larger core, typically 50 or 62.5 microns that enables multiple light modes to be propagated. Multimode fiber (MMF) is a kind of optical fiber mostly used in communication over short distances, for example, inside a building or for the campus. OM1 vs OM2 vs OM3 vs OM4 vs OM5, which to choose? You may get answer in this article. With so many options, it can be tough to select the most suitable multimode fiber. There are several kinds of multimode fiber types available for high-speed network installations, and each with a different reach and data-rate capability. Multimode fiber is a common choice to achieve 10 Gbit/s speed over distances required by LAN enterprise and data center applications. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Kcncrew pack 04.15.2018 imojadoThe three share the common goal of Catalan independence – but little else. Personality clashes and ever-widening splits on the best way forward have riven the Catalan government and the region’s three pro-independence parties: Aragonès’s Catalan Republican Left party (ERC) Puigdemont’s centre-right Together for Catalonia party (Junts) and the hard-left Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP). Others point out that almost a fifth of the region’s population is made up of immigrants who are not eligible to vote in regional or general elections, while in Barcelona those born abroad comprise nearly 25% of the population. There’s a part of the independence movement that doesn’t agree with this process of negotiation but I believe it’s necessary Pere Aragonès, president According to a survey conducted this summer by the same centre, 52% of Catalans now oppose independence, while 41% are in favour. At the height of the crisis in October 2017, a survey by the Catalan government’s Centre for Opinion Studies found that 48.7% of Catalans supported independence, while 43.6% did not. What they comprehensively and consistently failed to do, however, was listen to the majority of Catalans who oppose independence.Īs pro-independence Catalan MPs voted to proclaim independence on 27 October 2017, one centre-right local lawmaker turned to Puigdemont and asked: “How can you imagine you can impose independence like this without a majority in favour … and with this simulacrum of a referendum?”įive years on, the question of validity still hangs in the autumn air. To avoid arrest, Puigdemont fled to Belgium – where he remains to this day – while other pro-independence figures stayed behind to face the consequences, which, for nine of them, included prison.Īlthough Puigdemont and his lieutenants proved unable to deliver the new republic, they did succeed in attracting the world’s attention and forcing the issue to the top of Spain’s political agenda. Hence the fleeting joy 26 days later when secessionist Catalan MPs voted to establish an independent republic – fleeting because it prompted Rajoy’s government to sack Puigdemont and his cabinet, assume direct control of Catalonia and order a fresh regional election.įormer Catalan president Carles Puigdemont after a hearing at the justice court in Belgium, where he has been living in exile since 2017. The sole enemy back then was the Spanish state, as embodied by the conservative government of former prime minister Mariano Rajoy, which insisted the referendum would never take place, and by the thousands of Spanish police officers, whose heavy-handed and violent attempts to stop the vote ended up on newspaper front pages around the world the following day.įor longstanding independentistas, and indeed for many of the less convinced, the police’s raiding of polling stations, beating of voters and firing of rubber bullets was unequivocal proof of the need to break away. There were no such complaints on 1 October 2017, when Catalonia’s then president, Carles Puigdemont, defied Spain’s government and courts by staging the unilateral referendum. There’s no point negotiating with Madrid – we have to fight this ourselves and we will.” ![]() Montse Planas, who had come to the Diada from the village of Caldes de Montbui, an hour’s drive north of the Catalan capital, said she felt let down by politicians in Catalonia and Madrid. ![]() Aragonès was notably absent from the Diada march organised by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the powerful and influential grassroots group that has pushed relentlessly for independence in recent years. Much of the anger of hardcore independentistas is focused on the Catalan regional president, Pere Aragonès, for his willingness to find a negotiated solution to the political impasse. Welcome - MAXON 3D FOR THE REAL WORLD.Spanish police clash with pro-independence supporters of Catalonia’s referendum in October 2017. Don't be rude (permban), use only English, don't go offtopic and read FAQ before asking a question. Feel free to post your KCNcrew Pack 03-15-11 torrent, subtitles, samples, free download, quality, NFO, rapidshare, depositfiles,, rapidgator, filefactory, netload, crack, serial, keygen, requirements or whatever-related comments here. Top Apps of the Week Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Classic 2020 v9.3.0.10 (圆4) Multilingual Portable IObit Uninstaller Pro 9.6.0.3 Multilingual Portable. Don't be rude (permban), use only English, don't go offtopic and read FAQ before asking a. Feel free to post your KCNcrew Pack 1-15-2011 torrent, subtitles, samples, free download, quality, NFO, rapidshare, depositfiles,, rapidgator, filefactory, netload, crack, serial, keygen, requirements or whatever-related comments here. ![]() From the KCNcrew Pack 12-15-16 release, the. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Giannis antetokounmpo years in nba![]() When Antetokounmpo celebrated his birthday on Dec. The Bucks understood the importance of Antetokounmpo’s decision to the future of the franchise. ![]() In 2019, the Bucks reached the Eastern Conference finals and took a 2-0 lead over eventual NBA champion Toronto before dropping four I hope he uses the pens we all gave him!! □□□ Milwaukee lost a second-round series in five games to Miami last season, with Antetokounmpo missing most of Game 4 and all of Game 5 with a sprained right ankle. Me, on the court, I’m going to try to improve individually and help my teammates improve, also.”ĭespite that regular-season success, the Antetokounmpo-led Bucks have yet to reach the NBA Finals. We’ve had the best regular-season team the last two years and that shows you that the team and the front office cares about improving the team every single year. “Off the court, they tried to improve this team as much as possible. “At the end of the day, the team is going to take care of what they’re going to do,” Antetokounmpo said last week. Antetokounmpo called those offseason moves “amazing” without indicating whether he planned to sign the extension. They also overhauled their bench by adding Bobby Portis, D.J. Hampton and two more first-round selections as part of a package to acquire Jrue Holiday. They dealt away guards Eric Bledsoe and George Hill, first-round draft pick R.J. The Bucks paid a hefty price to revamp their roster this offseason in an attempt to persuade Antetokounmpo to stay. Relive the best moments from Giannis Antetokounmpo over the past two seasons. His decision means the Bucks will hang on to their biggest star since Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who led Milwaukee to its lone NBA title in 1971, but demanded a trade and was dealt to the Los Angeles Lakers in 1975. This is my home and I’m going to continue working hard and do my best to make the Bucks, our fans and the city proud.” “You took a chance on us eight years ago and now putting my signature on a contract like this is unreal – but it’s all because of hard work. “This is a big moment for me and my family and I want to thank the Bucks organization for believing in us,” Antetokounmo said in a statement released by the team. The show goes on, let’s get it.”īucks co-owners Marc Lasry, Wes Edens and Jamie Dinan said in a statement that “Giannis is a once in a generation player and we are beyond excited for him to remain with the Bucks.” “I’m blessed to be able to be a part of the Milwaukee Bucks for the next 5 years. ![]() “This is my home, this is my city,” Antetokounmpo said in his post on social media. Giannis Ugo Antetokounmpo December 15, 2020 I’m blessed to be able to be a part of the Milwaukee Bucks for the next 5 years. The Athletic and Stadium reported that he agreed to a five-year contract worth $228 million that includes an opt-out clause in 2025. If he turned it down, Antetokounmpo could have become a free agent after the upcoming season. The 26-year-old Antetokounmpo had until Monday to sign the Bucks’ supermax extension offer. The Bucks announced later in the day that Antetokounmpo had signed an extension without announcing the terms or length. “I’m blessed to be a part of the Milwaukee Bucks for the next 5 years,” Antetokounmpo posted Tuesday on his social media platforms. MILWAUKEE (AP) - Giannis Antetokounmpo has agreed to a supermax extension with the Milwaukee Bucks that takes the two-time reigning MVP off next summer’s free-agent market. The reigning Kia MVP will remain in Milwaukee. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Rupaul drag race season 13 winner![]() Johnny Weir, professional figure skater.Susan Powter, motivational speaker and fitness guru.Vanessa Williams, actress, singer, and former Miss America.Mike Ruiz, photographer, director, and reality television personality.Bruce Vilanch, comedy writer, songwriter, and actor. ![]() ![]() The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom. Raja returned to All Stars 7 as a part of an All Winner edition, Raja won the title of "Queen Of She Done Already Done Had Herses" and placed 5th overall. Yara Sofia competed on All Stars 6 and placed 10th. Manila Luzon later competed on All Stars 4 and placed 6th.Īlexis Mateo, India Ferrah and Mariah competed on All Stars 5, Alexis placed 5th, India placed 6th and Mariah placed 8th. Shangela competed on All Stars 3 and placed joint third. ^ Mariah Paris Balenciaga is referred to as Mariah on the show.Īlexis Mateo, Manila Luzon, Mimi Imfurst and Yara Sofia competed on All Stars 1, Alexis and Yara were eliminated in 5th place, Manila placed joint 7th and Mimi placed joint 11th.^ Shangela originally competed on season 2 and placed twelfth, before returning to compete this season.^ Shangela Laquifa Wadley is referred to as Shangela on the show.^ Carmen Carrera originally placed sixth before being asked back to the competition.^ Yara Sofia was voted Miss Congeniality by the viewers.^ Raja Gemini is referred to as Raja on the show.The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Raja, with Manila Luzon being the runner-up.Ĭontestants The winner of RuPaul's Drag Race season 3, Raja. On released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album Champion. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela an episode with no elimination and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table, both appearing side-by-side in the reunion special to announce Yara Sofia as the season's Miss Congeniality. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appeared for promotional reasons. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation, appeared as a judge in five episodes. This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Thirteen drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a headlining spot on the Absolut Tour, a lifetime supply of Kryolan makeup, and a cash prize of $75,000. The third season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on January 24, 2011. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Washington state scenery beaches![]() Annual rainfall is far less than in Western Washington. In the shadow of the Cascades, little rain falls and cities like Wenatchee, Ellensburg and the Tri-Cities enjoy up to 300 days of sunshine a year. The mountains can get up to 200 inches (508 cm) of snowfall a year, creating a paradise for winter sports enthusiasts. The Cascades capture most of the rain that would otherwise fall in Eastern Washington. Just as the Pacific Ocean and Olympic Mountains influence Western Washington, the Cascade Range affects the weather and climate in the eastern part of the state. Rainier, one of the tallest peaks in the continental United States, commands the view to the south. ![]() The region is surrounded on all sides by mountains: the Olympic range to the west, Cascade range to the east, Mt. Few homes have air-conditioning.įrom most vantage points in the greater Seattle area, you can readily see evidence of the geologic upheaval that forged Washington’s magnificent features over thousands of years. July and August are the driest months in Western Washington January and February the wettest. The Pacific Ocean creates a marine layer where clouds are frequent in the winter, spring and fall, but several days of steady rain is the exception rather than the rule. Annual rainfall in the greater Seattle area is about 37 inches (94 cm). Snow is rare, but winter temperatures can easily dip into the 20s and 30s (-6° to -1° C) at night. Summer days rarely rise above 79° (26° C) and winter days are seldom below 45° (8° C) during the day. The weather is relatively mild in Western Washington. The result is a landscape that is ever changing and often breathtaking. This same glacial activity also created the many islands that dot the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound. This includes the three lakes that dictate the geography of the greater Seattle metropolitan area: Lakes Union, Washington and Sammamish. Western Washington is hilly and even mountainous in places with lots of rivers and lakes. Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Vancouver and Bellingham are all located on the west side of the state.Īs the glaciers retreated during the last ice age, they carved their memories into the land. ![]() Western Washington is the most densely populated approximately 60% of the state’s population lives west of the mountains. The Cascade Mountain Range divides the state into two parts – Western Washington and Eastern Washington. While it’s tempting to delve deep into the geology that created such a diverse landscape over thousands of years, we’ll focus on the two distinct sides of the state since the geology not only drives the geography, but also the climate. Washington has seven distinct physiographic regions, from the rugged Pacific coastline and soaring volcanic peaks of the Cascades to the fertile fields of the Columbia Basin. The state’s geography is diverse and spectacular at almost every turn. cities, getting less rainfall annually than Boston, New York, Houston and Miami. While there is a somewhat common perception that it rains all the time in Washington, Seattle actually ranks 44th among major U.S. When it comes to climate and geography, Washington State is a study in contrasts. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Yabai desu ne![]() Japanese Words and Phrases for Beginners: Once you've learned these Japanese words, you’ll sound めっちゃかっこい (meccha kakkoi: “very cool”).Įditor's note: before we get started, if you’re looking for an online Japanese course, here’s the course I actually recommend: Japanese Uncovered – Learn Japanese Through the Power of Story, a course with a fascinating new method. The only difference is kotoba is used to express the plural form “words” and can also mean “phrases.” Tango is used mainly for the singular form, “word.”īelow, I’ll also go over questions, cool Japanese words, and cute Japanese words and expressions to go far in your speaking. So, of course you must know your essential 挨拶 (aisatsu: “greetings”) and basic Japanese words.īy the way, if you’re wondering “How do you say ‘words’ in Japanese,” it’s 単語 ( tango) or 言葉 ( kotoba). Learning some stock phrases and words to fall back on to keep the conversation going or ask questions is the key to relaxing a bit when speaking. These basic Japanese words and phrases helped me start to get to know others in Japanese. Any time you learn a new language, especially one where the writing system is very different, it can become difficult to make the connections between grammar, memorized words, and creating sentences.ĭon’t get too stressed about it, though. It can be a bit intimidating to know where to begin. I found it hard to speak Japanese at first, too. *Learn more: Japanese Grammar Made Easy: A Step-by-Step Guide Getting Started Speaking JapaneseĮven though I speak often now with Japanese language exchange partners, it wasn’t always that way. *Learn more: 101 Core Japanese Words: The Most Commonly Used Words in Japanese Japanese Verbs: Learn more: The Ultimate Guide to Japanese Particles (with Examples) Japanese Nouns: Learn more: Japanese Numbers: Counting in Japanese from 1 – 100+ Time in Japanese: Learn more: Japanese Honorifics: How to Show Respect in Japanese Japanese Numbers: ![]() Learn more: Japanese Greetings: 17 Ways to Say “Hello” in Japanese Japanese Pronouns: Japanese Words for Beginners: An Essential List Japanese Greetings: I’ve got your back with this list to help you get started! Whether you are learning Japanese to prepare for travel to Japan, or for a language exchange, it’s a good idea to learn Japanese essential words and phrases to get the ball rolling. ?Īre you ready to start speaking Japanese, right now?Įven if you just thought about learning Japanese today, you can start speaking from Day 1! Full disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. ![]() Setting affinity to one core or thread is the same like using vsync, you are capping the game performance. The engine was never meant to support multi threading, latest patch is demanding a lot of power, if i unlock the frame rate the cpu usage goes to 20%, which was always below 12% no matter what, that is a big change that could be explaining the crashes. Originally posted by SouMexican:Sadly that ain’t a proper fix, if you set affinity for one core and then try to force to execute “useallavailablecores”, that is a big contradiction. So I literally just tested running it on Windows 7 compatibility mode and it worked. ![]() A friend of mine cans till play the game even with a pc worse than mine and the only difference is that he uses Windows 7. Made some new random tests and I actually found one that worked for me. () I retired some time from the game and just opened it today to check if the bug was already fixed but seems like not. () Another test was made but sadly didn't work, I left its explanation in the end of this thread any way so you can have other ideas if you want to. Then but not last I could think this as a multithreading synchronization fail, and this solution actually worked and is shown in the old solution header. Then I started guessing it could be related to the new pathfinding "improvements" that came with this patch, cause If i didn't move anything the game don't crash, but this does not make any sense as the AI was moving their units. The problem does not seems to be algorithmical from the new update as the problem happens to some but not to others.Īt first I thought it could be related to autosaving, cause if I keep saving the game I could close it, open again and load my save and it would not crash again at the same time, the problem of course is that this is not playable at all. Tests() Some people said Vsync could fix it, clearing the %temp% folder, reinstalling dependencies, updating drivers, etc. ![]() But today I took some hours to come up to a solution that made me play over one hour games against players and AIs with no crashes/freezes, the problem is, my FPS was affected a lot. ![]() Using older versions backup I had in my computer I managed to play the game again, the problem is I could not play multiplayer with my friends so I just got tired of it. The problem is I was reading the Age of Empires forums and someone tried it and it did not work so I just gave up on this. Some days ago I made some tests to check what exactly triggers it and even though I didn't come up to an answer I wanted to check if it was a software or a hardware thingy by reformatting my computer. ContextIn January 26th the update 44725 came to the Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition and it brought some balance changes, two new civilizations, new campagins and hundreds of new bugs to deal with.Ī fraction of the player base was affected by the worst of them: after some minutes into the game the window freezes and stops responding. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Noi webcast archives![]() In The Matter of PR Spring Tar Sands Project, Ground Wat)er Discharge Permit-By-Rule, No WQ PR-11-001 (1.9 MB).Proposed Oil Sands Mine in Utah Survives Judicial Scrutiny (Deseret News) (8/30/12).Oil Sands Mining in Utah Clears Major Hurdle (Inside Climate News) (8/31/12).Oil and Water Tar Mine Needs More Oversight (Tribune) (9/4/12).Tar Sands Mine Permit Upheld (Vernal Express) (9/5/12).Conflict Heats Up Over Tar Sands Mining in Utah (Deseret News) (9/11/12).Decision on Eastern Utah’s Tar Sands Mine Expected Next Month (Tribune) (9/27/12).Potential Groundwater Contamination at Issue in Tar Sands Mine (Deseret News) (9/27/12).Tar-Sands Battle First Hearing to be Held Oct. ![]() Testimony to be Heard on Tar Sands Project (KCPW) (10/24/12).Utah Board OKs the Nation’s First Commercial Tar Sands Project (Tribune) (10/25/12).Water Board Backs Oil Sands Project (Deseret News) (10/25/12).Oil Sands Mine Permit Approved (Vernal Express) (11/1/12).Protesters Gather Bring Attention to Tar Sands Decision (KCPW) (11/20/12).Protesters Challenge Tar Sands Decision (KUER) (11/20/12).Water Quality Board Upholds PR Spring Tar Sands Permit.Water Quality American Rescue Plan Act Funds (ARPA).Utah Lake Preservation Fund Grant Program.Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Reuse Municipal Grants (OSG) Program.Community’s Guide to Project Assistance.Utah’s Priority Lakes and Reservoirs 1999.Mining Inventory and Source Identification.Analysis of Water Quality and Sediments.Continuing Education (CEU) Requirements.Wasteload Analysis for Developing Permit Limits.Motor Vehicle Waste Disposal Wells (MVWDs).Ground Water Quality Protection Program.Ground Water Protection/Underground Injection Control.Quality Assurance & Quality Control Program.POTW Nutrient Removal Cost Impact Study.Statewide Nutrient Criteria Development.Utah’s Approach for Addressing Nutrient Pollution.Making Effective Public Comments to DEQ.Small Business Environmental Assistance Program.Waste Management and Radiation Control Board. 9/28/2023 0 Comments Cult of the lamb natural burial![]() Symbolic behaviour (e.g., cult and ritual practices and their associated symbols) are inherent to daily economic and social life and play a fundamental role in structuring and organising society, e.g. Such opportunities to investigate household rituals are rare during the EB of the Levant since visible nonelite groups and practices are traditionally overshadowed by the focus on the priestly class in towering temples.Ģ. ![]() Therefore, this paper provides an opportunity to clarify the character of the donkey burials recovered from Area E, with regards to the intersection of ritual life, symbols, and the economy (outside of a temple and funerary setting) in a residential EB neighbourhood. Why were so many donkeys buried in an urban environment/context in this small part of the settlement at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath? Was this practice simply a form of ‘disposal’ for beloved pets and work animals buried without ceremony, or did it have other meanings? While the ritual character of some donkey burials from EB excavations has lately been called into question, only a holistic treatment of the asinine burials from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath may allow for a fuller investigation of the different ritual roles (sacred, symbolic, and economic) of asses in EB III households. The unusually large number of donkey burials from a very limited number of EB buildings is unprecedented and poses interesting questions regarding the identity of the inhabitants and the ritual, symbolic, and economic role(s) of asses in early urban society. The discussion centres on the excavation and analytical results of five complete and several incomplete burials of domestic asses found under the floors of private residential buildings exposed in an EB merchant neighbourhood (Area E). The results are subsequently grounded within a larger discussion on the nature of household rituals in the southern Levant during the EB. This holistic perspective includes a discussion of not only the traditional realms of archaeology (e.g., architecture, artefacts) but also the zooarchaeology of the site. EB is used when we refer to a phase or series of phases within the Early Bronze Age (e.g., EB II–III or EB III), while EBA refers to the period as a whole) III domestic residential neighbourhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel are utilised to illustrate non-elite ‘ritual life’ and performance, both of which are poorly understood within the EB urban populations. Data from our recent excavations of an Early Bronze Age (EB) (Note: The abbreviations of EBA and EB are used in different ways in this paper, largely according to their conventional usage in the literature of the southern Levant. The goal of this paper is to investigate ritual and symbolic behaviours that occur within non-elite (lower stratum) households in early urban societies in the Near East. This integrated contextual perspective allows the sacred and symbolic role(s) of each to be understood and their importance for EB urban society to be evaluated. An integrated analytical approach to the architecture, figurines, foundation deposits, and domestic donkey burials found in lower-stratum domestic residences provides insights into the nature of household rituals. 2850–2550 BCE) deposits excavated at the site of Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, are illustrative of the difficulty in identifying the nature of household rituals. This paper explores the zooarchaeological and associated archaeological evidence for household rituals in lower-stratum residences in the Early Bronze Age (EB) of the southern Levant. However, the vast bulk of the population would not have been able to fully participate in such public displays. Most studies of ritual and symbolism in early complex societies of the Near East have focused on elite and/or public behavioural domains. As the donkey burials are very limited in their location in these early cities, we propose that such residences were inhabited by merchant families. These provide insight into the role of ritual in everyday life for most people in these early cities. Our excavations at the site have uncovered the remains of early domestic donkeys and other goods that were buried as the neighbourhood was constructed and houses were renovated. We present the results of our recent excavations at the Early Bronze Age site of Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel. However, the bulk of the population lived in simple domestic residences and were not involved in the public ritual displays except as onlookers. Most archaeologists have concentrated their research on rituals taking place in the public and administrative areas of early cities (e.g., temples and palaces). ![]() The goal of this study is to increase our understanding of the role of ritual in the domestic residences of commoners in early complex societies in the ancient Near East. |
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